Friday, December 27, 2019
Japanese Particle Information (Bakari)
Bakari is a Japanese particle. Particles are generally considered to be similar to preposition in English. A particle is always placed after the word it modifies. Here are several different usages of bakari with sample sentences. I think it is probably easy to understand its various usage through contextual examples. Bakkkari, bakashi and bakkashi can be used in informal situations instead of bakari. (1) Indicates an approximate amount, be it time or money, etc. A number or quantity usually precedes it. It is similar to kurai/gurai and hodo and can be replaced in this usage. Asu kara tooka bakari ryokou ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã£ ‹ã‚‰å æâ€" ¥Ã£ °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šæâ€"…è ¡Å'㠫è ¡Å'ã 㠾㠙。 --- Ill be leaving on a trip for about ten days from tomorrow.Ryokou no hiyou wa zenbu de nijuuman-en bakari kakatta. æâ€"…è ¡Å'㠮è ² »Ã§â€ ¨Ã£ ¯Ã¥â€¦ ¨Ã©Æ' ¨Ã£ §Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥â€ †ã °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã ‹ã ‹ã £Ã£ Ÿã€‚ --- The total cost of the trip came to about two hundred thousand yen.Gosen-en bakari kashite itadakemasen ka. ä ºâ€Ã¥ Æ'円㠰ã ‹ã‚Šè ² ¸Ã£ â€"㠦ã „ã Ÿã 㠑㠾㠛ん㠋。 --- Could you please lend me five thousand yen or so? (2) Not only ~ but also In the patterns ~ bakari dewa naku ~ mo or ~ bakari ja naku ~ mo (informal) Otoko no ko bakari dewa naku, onna no ko mo takusan imashita. 熷㠮å 㠰㠋り㠧㠯㠪ã 〠å ¥ ³Ã£ ®Ã¥ ã‚‚ã Ÿã 㠕ん㠄㠾ã â€"㠟。 --- There were not only boys but also many girls.Watashi wa nihongo bakari ja naku, furansugo mo benkyou shitai desu. ç § 㠯æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã ˜ã‚Æ'㠪ã 〠ãÆ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€"㠟㠄㠧㠙。 --- I want to study not only Japanese but also French.Kare wa dansu bakari dewa naku, uta mo umai n desu. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£ ¯Ã£Æ'ۋÆ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã §Ã£ ¯Ã£ ªÃ£ 〠æ Å'も㠆㠾ã „ん㠧㠙。 --- He is good not only at dancing but also singing. Although dake can replace bakari in this usage, bakari is slightly more emphatic. Nodo ga kawaita dake dewa naku, onaka mo suita. 㠮㠩ã Å'æ ¸â€¡Ã£ „ã Ÿã ã ‘ã ˜ã‚Æ'㠪ã 〠㠊㠪ã ‹ã‚‚㠙㠄㠟。 --- Not only I am thirsty but also I am hungry. (3) Shows that something is always limited to a particular action, place or thing. It is similar to dake or nomi. Asonde bakari inai de, shukudai mo shinasai. é Šã‚“ã §Ã£ °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã „㠪ã „㠧〠å ® ¿Ã© ¡Å'ã‚‚ã â€"㠪ã •ã „。 --- Dont just play all the time, do your homework as well.Terebi bakari mite iru to, me ni warui yo. ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“㠰ã ‹ã‚Šè ¦â€¹Ã£ ¦Ã£ „る㠨ã€ ç› ®Ã£ «Ã¦â€š ªÃ£ „よ。 --- If you watch TV all the time, it is not good for your eyes.Watashi no neko wa itsumo nemutte bakari imasu. ç § 㠮çÅ' «Ã£ ¯Ã£ „㠤ã‚‚çÅ" 㠣㠦㠰ã ‹ã‚Šã „㠾㠙。 --- My cat is always just sleeping. (4) Used after the ~ta form of verbs, it indicates that an action has just been completed. It translates into just. Chichi wa ima kaette kita bakari desu. çˆ ¶Ã£ ¯Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¸ °Ã£ £Ã£ ¦Ã£ 㠟㠰㠋り㠧㠙。 --- My father just got home.Sakki tabeta bakari nanoni, mada onaka ga suite iru. 㠕㠣ã é £Å¸Ã£ ¹Ã£ Ÿã °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã ªÃ£ ®Ã£ «Ã£â‚¬ 㠾ã 㠊㠪ã ‹ã Å'㠙㠄㠦ã „㠾㠙。 --- Although I had just eaten, I am still hungry.Kinou katta bakari no kutsu o haite dekaketa. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ £Ã£ Ÿã °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã ®Ã© ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ± ¥Ã£ „㠦å‡ ºÃ£ ‹ã ‘㠟。 --- I went out wearing the shoes that I had just bought yesterday. (5) In the patter bakari ni, it emphasizes a reason or cause. It has a nuance of solely due to; for the simple reason. Ano basu ni notta bakari ni, jiko ni atta. 㠂㠮ãÆ' ã‚ ¹Ã£ «Ã¤ ¹â€"㠣㠟㠰㠋り㠫ã€ ä ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£ «Ã£ ‚㠣㠟。 --- It was only because I got on that bus that I was involved in an accident.Tomoko wa Ken to kekkon shita bakari ni kurou shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ 㠯å ¥Ã£ ¨Ã§ µ Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã£ â€"㠟㠰㠋り㠫è‹ ¦Ã¥Å ´Ã£ â€"㠦ã „る。 --- Simply because Tomoko married Ken, she is having a hard time.Kare wa kuruma o kaitai bakari ni, isshou kenmei hataraiteiru. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£ ¯Ã¨ »Å ã‚’è ² ·Ã£ „㠟㠄㠰㠋り㠫ã€ ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€¡ ¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¥Æ' 㠄㠦ã „る。 --- He wants to buy a car so badly that he is working very hard. (6) Following a verb, it shows that the action is/was about to be carried out. It translates into just about to do (something). Yuushoku o mou taberu bakari no tokoro ni dareka ga nokku shita. Ã¥ ¤â€¢Ã© £Å¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ †é £Å¸Ã£ ¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ °Ã£ ‹ã‚Šã ®Ã£ ¨Ã£ “゠㠫è ª °Ã£ ‹ã Å'ãÆ'ŽãÆ'Æ'ã‚ ¯Ã£ â€"㠟。 --- We were just about to eat dinner when someone knocked on the door.Kono shousetsu wa ato saigo no shou o kaku bakari da. 㠓㠮å ° è ª ¬Ã£ ¯Ã¥ ¾Å'æÅ"ی ¾Å'㠮ç « ã‚’æ› ¸Ã£ 㠰ã ‹ã‚Šã 。 --- The only thing left to do with this novel is to write the last chapter.Ima nimo ame ga furidasan bakari no soramoyou da. ä »Å ã «Ã£â€šâ€šÃ©â€º ¨Ã£ Å'é™ ã‚Šå‡ ºÃ£ •ã‚“㠰㠋り㠮ç © ºÃ¦ ¨ ¡Ã¦ §ËœÃ£ 。 --- The sky looks like it is about to rain anytime.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
The 3 Branches of the American Government Essay - 1532 Words
The 3 Branches of the American Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. With their creation of the foundation of what our government is today they created a system where 3 branches were all of equal power and each could be overruled by another which prevented any branch becoming superior of another. The separation of powers provides a system of shared power called Checks and Balances.(2) The three branches are legislative, judicial and executive and they each have specific powers to†¦show more content†¦These 435 seats are divided among the states every ten years. Representatives serve for two years at a time, and every second November there is a new election where they are chosen by the people in a direct election. (1) The House is required to choose a Speaker for i tself who is in charge over the proceedings of the House and is the highest position in the House leadership. Other leadership positions are the Majority and Minority Leaders, and the Majority and Minority Whips. The Minority Leader would generally be the Speaker if his party were the majority.(1) The whips act as a median between the leadership and the other House members. The Senate is the Upper House and its members are called Senators. The qualifications for Senators are similar to those of house representatives, he or she must be 30 years old or older, must have been a U.S. citizen for nine years, and must live in the state they plan to represent.There is again no restriction of sex, race, class, social standing, or any other classification, for both a Senator or House representative . Each state has two Senators, no matter what the size of the state happens to be. A Senators term lasts six years and like the other house members every second November there is a new election. Th e Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate but he is a non-voting member unless a vote of the Senate ends in a tie which causes him to cast the deciding vote. If the Vice President is not availableShow MoreRelatedThe Structure of the American Government1562 Words  | 7 PagesThe 3 Branches of Government The constitution was established by men who had experienced the dictatorships of Europe and had escaped from its grasp. They sought to establish a form of government that would never allow a dictatorship or tyrant ruler to hold power over the people like in the places they had fled. 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Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Consumption of organic and functional food - Myassignmenthelp.Com
Question: Discuss about the Consumption of organic and functional food. Answer: Introduction The analysis is based on the case study of Kings Cross Organic Food Markets which are known for supplying organic food, gourmet produce, fresh fruits, vegetables, patisserie, bread, seasonal productions from the farmers, French and local cheese, salaami, salmon and many more. The markets are friendly to the communities are they offer all types of products that are required for the daily or weekly usage of the people. The products that are offered by these markets are sustainable and eco-friendly in nature (Aschemann?Witzel and Zielkeb 2017). The interaction with the other foodies in the area who are also fun-loving in nature is also facilitated in these markets. The markets organise many special events for the natives of that area. These events help in bringing all the people of the community together and they can also interact with each other in these events. The report is mainly based on the discussion about these events and the ways by which these are organized successfully so that they bring together the people from the different communities (Brantster et al. 2017). Goals, purpose and objectives of the event The Kings Cross Organic Food Markets are always full of local residents and tourists on Saturdays. The main offerings of the food markets are mainly bacon, coffee, egg roll and many other products related to fresh produce. The markets also offer many games that can engage the local residents and the tourists as well. The organic markets are in operations for more than 15 years. In the initial stages they were known to offer organic produce that are certified and some were also sourced from bio-dynamic producers. The increasing interest of the public towards the market and the food as well has helped in increasing the profitability (Buder, Feldmann and Hamm 2014). Goals of the event The organic food markets have become a place which has something to offer for everyone. The markets also organise events that are mainly aimed towards the communities and the local natives as well. The objective of these events is to promote the farmers and their local produce so that they can reach all the markets across Australia and the natives can get the benefits of fresh and organic food products as well (Strassner et al. 2015). The food products that are sold in these markets are sourced directly from the farmers and the chefs as well who are able to provide organic and handmade food. Another major goal of these events is to strengthen the relationship between the farmers who are producers of the food products with the consumers or the end users of these products (Goetzke, Nitzko and Spiller 2014). Purpose and objectives of the event The new concepts that are related to the produce of food products, like seasonality are also introduced in these events. There five major values that are related to the organization of these events are, origin of the products, authenticity of the products, knowledge about the different products, sustainability of the products and the excellence of the products as well. The major intention of this event is to support the local growth of the organic produce that are grown by the farmers and promote the local organic produce in such a way so that they can increase its popularity. The consumers are also further educated about the different benefits related to the consumption of fresh and organic products. The concept of sustainable food is also discussed with the consumers and the tourists who come to visit the events from many different countries (Hemmerling, Hamm and Spiller 2015). The events also have a cultural side to it which helps in showcasing the culture of the country and the n atives to the tourists who visit the place from other countries. The events organised by these food markets therefore provide a useful way to bring the natives of the area and the tourists together so that cultural exchange can also happen in the process. Location, duration and event program The location of the events is the Kings Cross area, at the Fitzroy Gardens located on the corner of Darlinghurts Road and Macleay Street in Sydney. The different events that are organized are, Double Bay Festival, Adventure Travel Expo. The Rising Tide Music Festival has been held at the North Narrabeen Reserve in Sydney. The music event was comprised of 40 stalls, 23 bands and 3000 attendees. The other events that are organised by the food markets are, Wine Food Fairs, street festivals, twilight markets and exhibitions (Hempel and Hamm 2016). The events take place for two to three days and the timing is from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. The event is mainly organised on Saturday and Sunday of alternate weeks. The Kings Cross Saturday farmers market is organised for the natives of Sydney which offers gourmet and organic food. A huge of number of stalls are setup in the market which serve organic food, fruits and vegetables and prepared food as well. Full range of flowers, plants, nuts and oils a re also offered in these stalls. The stalls in the Saturday market are heaven for the shoppers who visit this place (Kingscrossmarket.org 2018). Corporate and community stakeholder relationships The major stakeholders of the organization are the consumers or the natives of the area where the market is setup. The tourists who visit the markets from other countries of the world are also the stakeholders of these events. The other major stakeholder of the events is the government and the other organizations which support these events. The traders who supply the equipments are also major stakeholders of the organization. The relationship between the traders, the producers and the consumers of the mentioned products are strengthened with the help of the events that are organized on a periodic basis (Lairon and Huber 2014). The markets and the events are the major areas where the products are offered and the interaction between the natives of the community can also take place easily. Governance The events are organised and managed by the Kings Cross Organic Market under the administration of the Kings Cross cultural centre. The Kings Cross market is mainly governed by the board of directors who have a lot of experience in this field. The organization also has a knowledgeable staff base who are appointed to play their roles in the management of the events the development of the business and the facilities as well. Kings Cross also has a Creative Head who has the responsibility to look after the various functions that occur in the development of the markets and organising the events. The chefs are appointed who look after the cooking of food items and the fresh produce as well. The event operations are taken care by the manager of Kings Cross Organic Market (Lee and Yun 2015). Expected impacts of the event The major impacts of the event that are organised by Kings Cross Organic Market are mainly space or market that is created for the hand-made or artisanal products that are designed by the chefs. The market is created for these products which are manufactured by small organizations or they are sourced from the farmers as well. The main impact that is expected from these events is the building of strong relationships between the farmers and the consumers or the end-users. The contact that is established with the farmers helps in getting the fresh products from the markets. The seasonal produce including the fruits and vegetables are another major part of the entire process of the events (Marian et al. 2014). The events can also have many social impacts which includes the promotion of the fresh produce that are manufactured by the farmers. The promotion of these products can help in strengthening the relationships between the farmers and the tourists as well. Another major impact of the events is the sustainability of the different products that are offered and their effects on the health of the natives. The farming processes that are used by the farmers to manufacture these produce are also sustainable in nature which further promotes the environmental initiatives (Organicfoodmarkets.com.au 2018). The markets for the farmers and the end-users are mainly organised so that they can showcase their products and attract the natives and the tourists as well. Conclusion The analysis of the case study related to Kings Cross Organic Market has depicted that the events that are organised by this company can support the major objectives that are related to the sustainability of the different products that are offered. The gaps in the relationship of the farmers and the end-users can also be fulfilled with the help of the events. The usage of organic products for consumption and their health benefits can be successfully supported by the events. The other major social impact of the events is that the farmers are promoted successfully in the markets and the tourists can also experience the local produce. The renewal of the locations where the events are organised is another major impact of the events that are organised by the Kings Cross Organic Food Market. The small scale production of the organic products is also supported by the event of Kings Cross Organic Food Market. The sustainable processes of farming are supported by the events and markets. References Aschemann?Witzel, J. and Zielke, S., 2017. Can't buy me green? A review of consumer perceptions of and behavior toward the price of organic food.Journal of Consumer Affairs,51(1), pp.211-251. Brantster, A.L., Ydersbond, T.A., Hoppin, J.A., Haugen, M. and Meltzer, H.M., 2017. Organic Food in the Diet: Exposure and Health Implications.Annual review of public health,38, pp.295-313. Buder, F., Feldmann, C. and Hamm, U., 2014. Why regular buyers of organic food still buy many conventional products: Product-specific purchase barriers for organic food consumers.British Food Journal,116(3), pp.390-404. Goetzke, B., Nitzko, S. and Spiller, A., 2014. Consumption of organic and functional food. A matter of well-being and health?.Appetite,77, pp.96-105. Hemmerling, S., Hamm, U. and Spiller, A., 2015. Consumption behaviour regarding organic food from a marketing perspectivea literature review.Organic Agriculture,5(4), pp.277-313. Hempel, C. and Hamm, U., 2016. How important is local food to organic-minded consumers?.Appetite,96, pp.309-318. Kingscrossmarket.org (2018).Kings Cross Market | Kings Cross. [online] Kingscrossmarket.org. Available at: https://www.kingscrossmarket.org/kings-cross/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2018]. Lairon, D. and Huber, M., 2014. Food quality and possible positive health effects of organic products. InOrganic Farming, Prototype for Sustainable Agricultures(pp. 295-312). Springer Netherlands. Lee, H.J. and Yun, Z.S., 2015. Consumers perceptions of organic food attributes and cognitive and affective attitudes as determinants of their purchase intentions toward organic food.Food quality and preference,39, pp.259-267. Marian, L., Chrysochou, P., Krystallis, A. and Thgersen, J., 2014. The role of price as a product attribute in the organic food context: An exploration based on actual purchase data.Food Quality and Preference,37, pp.52-60. Organicfoodmarkets.com.au (2018).Organic Food Markets. [online] Organicfoodmarkets.com.au. Available at: https://www.organicfoodmarkets.com.au/traders.php [Accessed 9 Jan. 2018]. Strassner, C., Cavoski, I., Di Cagno, R., Kahl, J., Kesse-Guyot, E., Lairon, D., Lampkin, N., Les, A.K., Matt, D., Niggli, U. and Paoletti, F., 2015. How the organic food system supports sustainable diets and translates these into practice.Frontiers in nutrition,2.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Staples and Cofer Essay Example
Staples and Cofer Paper Different Ethnicities Same Problems When Americans meet someone new they are already sticking that person into some sort of category because of their appearance. If someone looks different than Americans are use to, they automatically stick some sort of stereotype to them. Stereotypes are strongly displayed in the media; stereotype can be based of someones color, culture, religion, or sex. In Black men in public spaces by Brent Staples, and in The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the authors talk about stereotypes based on their gender and ethnicity nd the experiences they both encounter because of their ethnicity and gender which have many similarities and differences. Stereotypes can lead to hatred and discrimination against other groups. The problem with stereotyping is it is identifying an individual based on a group a person belongs to, which is not right because each individual is their own person. Stereotypes can be true, and are sometimes false that is why a person should only be Judged by who he/she is, each person is unique in his/her own way. Cofer addresses the stereotypes of Latin women, while Brent Staples points out the social views of African American men by both displaying the stereotypes stuck to them, how the grew up, and encounters with strangers to reveal the similarities and differences they face concerning ethnicity. No matter what ethnicity a person is, it seems as if everyone has to face being Judged based on his/ her ethnicity and getting some kind of stereotype stuck to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Staples and Cofer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Staples and Cofer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Staples and Cofer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Both Staples and Cofer had to experience being stereotyped, but the way the handle the situation had some similarities. For staples him being an African American man he had to face being Judged by many people and being seen as a criminal. He expresses the feeling of rage because he was always being perceived as a criminal. He describes how many people, no matter what color, reacted when he walks by. He even noticed people lock their car doors as he walks past them, how they cross the street to avoid him, and how some women clutch onto their purses when they walk by him. Mr. Staples understands the fear as well as the real danger that everyone faces everyday however, he still feels alienated about constantly be perceived as a criminal because he was African American and a male. Cofer also goes through life feeling alienated, he notices how she dresses is different from what Americans are used to so she gets singled out from the group and harassed. Growing up Staples had to deal with seeing gangs killing others, people getting locked away, and seeing young friends and family members being buried. Staples 61) While Cofer grew up with strict parents and constantly being told how to act and dress. (Cofer 1 54) Both Cofer and Staples had to deal with having issues to fit it. Staples was a good boy and stood out for that reason he did not participate in the violence and gangs. He knew he did not want to o down the same paths as his friends did which was odd to the people where he group up at. , while Cofer also struggled with not fitting in because she was of different ethnicity and did not dress like the others. They both had went through being Judged growing up because of them being different. Where Staples grew up it people did, and for Cofer it was odd to Americans to see her dress like people in her home country. Although both the essays are dealing with stereotypes among a certain group, Staples encounters with people are very different than Cofers. In Cofers essay, the average Latin woman has to deal with others assuming they are ome kind of sex symbol. There is no fear associated with these Latina women because they do not look intimidating but rather sexy or domestic, they are approached with sexual advances or as if they were all house keepers, maids, or waitresses. In Staples case, he was not only Judged by his intimidating appearance, but also feared by all who came across him. As opposed to Cofer, where people are approaching and harassing her. Staples is seen as a threat and is unapproachable to all who come across his large stature. Staples explains how during several instances while walking around at night he would notice how individuals changed their eactions when they saw him. Staples describes how he would hear the sound of car doors being locked when he would cross a street with cars waiting for the traffic light to change (Staples 60). Staples also explains how tense it would get when he would walk down the street at night with other pedestrians around. Although Staples was everything but a mugger, the people he came across at night from fearing him. Staples was clearly seen as some sort of predator while Cofer was seen as the prey who is constantly approached and being harassed with negative and insulting comments. She was stopped and harassed on many occasions by men singing ffensive songs to her. Staples was nothing like a criminal, what most people assumed he was, he was an educated individual who had an intimidating appearance from his height and dark skin color. Staples is mainly Judged for his larger statue, skin color, and gender which comes off to be considered dangerous to people, while Cofer is also Judge on outer appearance which comes off to be domestic or sexy. Brent Staples, because he is black is perceived as a criminal; Judith Cofer is a Latina and is mistaken for a waitress. Both individuals have numerous examples of when they have been done wrong or discriminated against. When Staples was working as a Chicago Journalist, he was rushing into the office and mistaken by the manager as a burglar or criminal. Cofer went through something similar, when she was about to do her first poetry reading, she had been mistaken for waitress by some older women. Staples and Cofer both had Justified reasons to become upset in these situations and every other situation they have encountered, but instead of becoming upset they decide to do something to correct these misconceptions. Staples always considered himself to be in the wrong in these situations, while Cofer made herself the victim. Staples accepts that people are always going to Judge him because he is a African American male, and he feels he should change himself. As Cofer sees it oppositely, she wants the people who that have these misconceptions to change their ways, not only that she wants them to realize why they should change, and to become more knowledgeable when it comes to different cultures. Both authors are different genders so very different stereotypes apply to them in a different way.. Although Cofer and Staples were both of different ethnicity and gender they both faced many of the same issues of ethnicity, though different scenarios. What was different from Staples and Cofer then other individuals knew these stereotypes were wrong so they both wanted to prove so. Both Authors had a purpose to writing these essays, Staples wanted to reveal to society how peoples perception of the Black Male is affecting them, and Cofers purpose was to address the misconception of the stereotypes of Latin women. In the end, some people may agree with Staples and Cofers purpose and feel stereotypes are wrong, but some will not and may still believe them. Stereotypes are not going away today or anytime soon but it is import that people do not add to them.
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Ambedkar Summary 3 Essay Example
Ambedkar Summary 3 Essay Dr. Ambedkar: A Social Reformer Through the Magnifier of Antonio Gramsci SAVITA V. DEOGIRKAR Lecturer in English, Adarsha Mahavidyalaya, Dhamangaon (Rly) Distt: Amravati (M. S. ) Abstract A Champion of Human Rights, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a multi dimensional personality. He was a great thinker, a philosopher, a true revolutionist, a prolific writer and at the top a devoted reformer. If studied and analyzed his noble saga to fight against Castes’ and untouchability through the magnifier of Antonio Gramsci, a German philosopher of 1940’s, he could be hailed as an ‘organic intellectual. His undeniable reforms in annihilating Caste, his views regarding women empowerment, his Dalit movement are really credible moves to wage a counter revolution against Hindu Religion. At the same time he tried to restructure his chosen religion to meet the needs of Dalit community. The noble cause to have unification of caste was one of the constitutional features of Democracy which he propagated that label him as a precursor of Social Democracy to meet the present day situation. The operation of caste, his views on Women’s oppression, his reinterpretation of the role of the monk proves him to be a social reformer that warrant a close examination of his biography and his lion’s share to set a perfect platform for World’s biggest Democratic country none other than India. - â€Å"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity Educate, Agitate and Organize! †This great message was spread all over the world by an architect of Indian Constitution none other than Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. A statue of a man having a book under his left hand and an index finger of a right hand pointing towards a Parliament Building is very familiar for all the Indians. But for the children it is the matter of curiosity of what that book was. That was a book of Indian Constitution drafted by Dr. Ambedkar in 1948 and that is his statue. Bhim as his name was, born to a middle class family of untouchables at Mhow in 1891. Being an untouchable himself, Ambedkar went through all agonies of untouchability. The exploitation of blacks in the hands of White America and the sufferings of the Jews in Germany are well known. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambedkar Summary 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ambedkar Summary 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ambedkar Summary 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this comparison the horrifying sufferings of untouchables need an extensive study of how inequality creates a breach in the social relations and how different strata of society pollute public relations. These muted people in outcaste community were given voice by the heroic efforts of Ambedkar. He emancipated his people from age-old slavery though virtually. The agonies of his people were recorded by a grown up Dalit Leader, Ambedkar who denied India to be his motherland due to brutal behaviour of his own people where all the untouchables were even denied to be called as men. For a school goer prohibition to draw water from public tanks and wells, his experience of insults in the form of refusal of local conveyance sharpened his anger against the cruel system of untouchability. As a result of that a ‘messiah’ of these Dalits successfully campaigned against these odds like Chowdar Tank campaign, Mahad campaign in 1927. His ceremonial burning of Manusmriti suggests his hatred towards Hinduism and Hindu social order which triggered up the mass movement of the conversion to Buddhism in 1920’s. Depressed classes were prohibited entry in the temples of Hindus those were made open to them under the leadership of Dr. Ambedkar in 1930’s. All over Maharashtra this campaign was observed successfully. These underprivileged were given justice by Ambedkar. Dr. Ambedkar waged a lifetime struggle against Hinduism. He knew that there was no salvation for the untouchables within Hinduism. So while writing his ‘The Buddha and his Dhamma’, he consciously tried to restructure his chosen religion to meet the needs of the Dalit Community. His was a deliberate attempt to change traditional teachings of Buddha so as to meet the needs for the ages to come. Herein, I contend, that Dr. Ambedkar performed a job of an ‘organic intellectual, for his community. Antonio Gramsci, a German philosopher is less explored till present. First wave of interest in Gramsci was screwed up after the publication of his prison writings in the form of letters in 1947. His extensive observation on the role of intellectuals in society and their function, his post Marxist theory, Coercion and counter revolution opened up new vistas for re-reading texts of ethnic, post-colonial studies. His theory rekindled interest in academic intellectuals, Subaltern studies and social hierarchy. More or less Gramsci has become a ‘classic’ to be read, interpreted, analyzed and applied. According to Gramsci, ‘organic intellectuals’ function to fashion the intellectual, moral and political leadership by engaging organizational activity. They fuse moral and intellectual dimensions. Every social group creates with itself, organically one or more strata of intellectuals. Gramsci noted, â€Å"All men are intellectuals†¦. but not all men in society have the function of intellectuals. †1 Therefore an intellectual is defined by the qualities of their activities, but being an intellectual is more than just being involved in ‘brain work. ’ They lead the masses. They educate them and try to awaken them and prepare them for the counter revolution against Hegemony. For Gramsci intellectuals were the instrument for the organization of human life. These intellectuals were not independent but rather products of the class into which they are born. They carry a special bond between themselves through which they organize their community. He is a ‘permanent persuader’ who sets a role model for the society. 2 Dr. Ambedkar was born to the same community of outcastes who set a role model for the Dalit community and tried to educate, agitate and organize them in true sense of a phrase coined by Gramsci i. . Organic Intellectual. He succeeded in decoding the real meaning of Buddhism and tried to re-structure this religion to meet the requirements of present day Indian Society. So as to say, he was a true visionary who churned up the mass movement of the conversion to Buddhism. Having a Ph. D. to his credit, an advocate by profession Dr. Ambed kar advocated banishment of casteism, then and then only Democracy will prevail. The noble idea of drafting Indian Constitution took shape in his mind that gave fundamental rights to the citizens and dwelt on the responsibilities and rights of the four pillars of democracy. A staunch believer of democracy, Dr. Ambedkar is remembered only on his birth and death anniversaries and his ideologies are almost wiped and washed out of our mind. It’s high time we should emulate the ideals of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and strive for prosperity in educational, social and political fields. But the perception of democracy is a matter of complexity nowadays. As we all know Indian Society is a beautiful amalgam of Castes which are exclusive in their life. Though this is the fact, Caste System poses a great threat to Democracy itself. Most important evil of it is â€Å"Graded Inequality†. 3 Castes are not equal in their status but is filled with contempt and hatred towards each other. This widens a gap between people and divides the society into two strata; higher class and lower class. Higher class always dominates lower class and treats it to be the slave. They are not allowed to have basic facilities including education In wider sense Democracy means a way of life, order of society, a way of social economic relation that is based on the ideals of Principles of Equality, Liberty and Fraternity. To implement these ideals, favourable conditions are pre-requisite to have Democracy prevailing; which was just the opposite in the case of Untouchables who were denied of education. There was no equality. They were not given liberty to do what they wanted without being permitted. They were not allowed to enter in the temples or to drink water in public places. And there was no Fraternity amongst the people of the society. For the Hindus, Dalits were not the brothers. But the cursed people. â€Å"Justice delayed is Justice denied†. Same happened with them. The preamble of Indian Constitution and chapters referring fundamental rights and State Policy state it very clearly that there should be ‘Non-discrimination on grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth. ’4 Reservation Bill, the brain child of Ambedkar was just another step towards elevating social, economic standard of the country. That proves that the sculptor of Indian Constitution Ambedkar wanted it to be instrumental of socio-economic justice and the basis of all justice is equality. Ambedkar knew it that since eternity India is the World’s classic unequal society that observes rigid caste system. That was the primary issue of Ambedkar’s struggle for annihilation of caste. Dr. Ambedkar stated fearlessly in the constituent assembly, ‘We are going to a life of contradictions. In politics†¦. equality.. in social life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦inequality. ’5 His ideas, his ideals and his philosophy being an ‘organic intellectual’ of the downtrodden, always revolved around human welfare. His struggle was to consolidate Dalits and to make them aware that they too were human beings. To restore their dignity and to give them respectable place, Ambedkar devoted his forty years and sought a chosen religion that could deliver the depressed classes from the shackles of ocial evil. Buddhism’s fundamental issue is to recognize the pain, sufferings in human beings. And real religion resides in the heart of a man and not in Shastra. What attracted Ambedkar towards Buddhism was its preaching of Prajna( Understanding), Karuna( Love) and Samata( Equality) that no other religion advocates. So he gave Dalits new religion to be clinged. In fact Dalit Buddhist Movement is a ‘symbol of identity transformation’ than a true religious conversion. 6 According to Ambedkar definition of Nirvana is not only easily but also theoretically attainable within a single lifetime. He also re-interpreted the role of the monk. They are the active participants in re-writing history. A Bhikku should fight to spread Dhamma. This life time contribution of Dr. Ambedkar in the field of religion, his educational philosophy, his drafting of Indian Constitution and his views on women’s oppression justify him to be a social reformer par excellence. A vast section of India still dwells under unhygienic conditions, poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. We still engage in casteism. What lessons were taught to us by this great reformer is conveniently forgotten. Politicians are running behind vote banks and interested in their selfish gains than the welfare of the masses. On surface we find no untouchability. But at heart the breach is more widened. One has to come to this ground reality and as ‘charity begins at home’ everything good should begin from us. Then and then only in true sense we will show gratitude towards this great social reformer and an active ‘organic intellectual’ who let the Dalits educate, agitate and organize towards a counter revolution. References 1)Aditi Misra. The Political Philosophy of Antonio Gramsci. Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1991. p. 116. 2)Ibid. 116. 3)Rahi Gaikwad. â€Å"Need for Feminists to reclaim Ambedkar seen. †The Hindu. January 10, 2010. 4)Subhash C. Kashyap. Our Constitution: An Introduction to India’s Constitution and Constitutional Law. National Book Trust, India. 1994. p. 93. 5)An Essay on rethinking on Democracy. www. preservearticles. com/ /rethinking-on-democracy. html 6)Buddhism17-25. pdf p. 20
Sunday, November 24, 2019
The Formative Era of Chinese Civilization essays
The Formative Era of Chinese Civilization essays In the formative era of Chinese civilization as early as the first millennium b.c. the Chinese thought of the world as all the regions of the heavens, and within the four seas. They called it Tianxia, which literally means under heaven. Because this was a universal term, with an undertanding of the inhabited world known to the Chinese at the time, it implicitly meant All Under Heaven. Tianxia was first of the entire physical world, the arena in which human history was acted out (The Chinese World). China is a very large and beautiful country. It is full of history and culture. Even so, China has grown slowly and unevenly to its present size. This is due to the fact that all the components that China consists of havent always existed in harmony in the past. They have fought long and hard for their freedom and independence as a people. Its a very interesting society with many different aspects that make it worth a very close look into the areas of geography, economy, and history, past and present. The people of China, from all the nationalities within have joined together to create a wonderful culture and have a glorious revolutionary tradition. They have bonded together and fought long and hard to become a free people. The people of China encountered wave after wave of struggles for national independence, liberation, for democracy and freedom. It wasnt until the 20th century that great historical changes have taken place in China. The Revolution of 1911, which was led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, put an end to the feudal monarchy and marked the beginning of the Republic of China (Chinascape). Unfortunately, even threw all that, the Chinese people had yet to fulfil their historical task of overthrowing imperialism and feudalism. After many hard and tortuous struggles, it finally came to an end in 1949. They overthrew the rule of imperialism, feud...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Chronis disease management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Chronis disease management - Research Paper Example In the paper by Miaskowski, et.al. (2004), the authors sought to test the effectiveness of the PRO-SELF Pain Control Program when compared with standard care in reducing pain intensity scores, increasing appropriate analgesic prescriptions, and increasing analgesic intake in cancer outpatients with pain from bone metastasis. This study covered seven outpatient settings in Northern California, including a university-based cancer center, two community-based oncology practices, one health maintenance organization, one outpatient radiation therapy center, one veteran’s affairs facility, and one military hospital. In this study, the patients were assigned randomly in either the PRO-SELF intervention or standard care intervention. Those under standard care were visited by a research nurse three times, and then called three times by phone between home visits. Those under the PRO-SELF setting patients were visited by specially trained intervention nurses and then received a psychoeduc ational intervention. They were instructed on how to use a pillbox, and were given instructions on how to communicate with their doctor about pain symptoms and changes needed in analgesic prescriptions. Patients were also instructed during follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve cancer pain management. To ensure the ethical treatment of this study, the authors gained the respondent’s written consent, after explaining to them the purpose of the research and the fact that their identity would remain confidential throughout the research. The ethical committee was consulted first and their review and consent secured before the rest of the research process was carried out. A sample of atleast 150 patients was needed in order to complete this study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were established for the patients’ demographic and disease-related qualities. Independent student’s t-tests and x2 analysis were carried out to deter mine differences in demographics, disease, and pain qualities between patients in the two treatment groups. Analyses of variance were carried out to establish if there were changes in pain intensity scores over time. The McNemar test was then used to establish differences over time based on kinds of analgesic prescriptions. The P-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. This study revealed that pain intensity scores were reduced significantly from baseline figures in the PRO-SELF group, as compared to the standard treatment group. The percentage of patients in the PRO-SELF group with the most appropriate kind of analgesia increased significantly from 28.3% to 37.0% as compared to the standard group which changed from 29.6% to 32.5%. The study therefore established that using a psychoeducational intervention, which includes nurse coaching within the standard of self-care, can improve pain management for cancer patients. Critical Analysis The authors are credib le authors for this research. They possess the
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Technology and Social Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Technology and Social Engineering - Essay Example The Roman empire in the ancient world built the highly sophisticated waterway system known as large aqueducts that carried water for hundreds of miles, introduced advanced sewer systems, invented durable cement, and constructed concrete structures. Other human problems related to improved communication, transportation, information transmission, mechanization, medicine, etc have been solved with the help of technology in the last two centuries through various inventions (Gupta, 2007). Technological innovations are related to philosophy’s aspects of values and ethics. Thus, planned and controlled technologies though regulated by laws are the worst offenders in creating environmental degradation. â€Å"A close survey of global problems indicates that neither science nor technology alone has the answer†(Gupta, 2007, p.383) to solve some major human problems. An example is that technology cannot create a species which has become extinct due to the decline in biodiversity. The main crises include destructive organizational, political and technological patterns; the breakdown in the human environment, the depletion of non-renewable resources such as fossil fuel, and other problems. Therefore, human behavior has to be improved, and relevant courts and controls should be applied to maintain checks and balances on the development of new technology and in its implementation (Chorafas, 2011). Social engineering is the organizing and â€Å"channelling of environmental and social forces to create a high probability that effective social action will occur†(Podgorecki, Alexander & Shields, 1996, p.1). It denotes the development of processes in which human beings serve as raw materials. In the twentieth century, grand plans of social engineering projects have proved to be costly and failures, as seen in the utopian experiments using violent measures to break the will of the people. On a smaller scale are interventions for
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Chinese Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Chinese Music - Essay Example In the historical context, Chinese music is one of the primal streams that have been present in the society for the longest time (Van 4). From the historical context, music has been one of the cultural aspects that have presented a serious and pleasurable opportunity for self-expression. The available information relates that the Chinese culture has existed solidly for over five years, a period through which music has remained a core pillar of the culture. Archeological evidence highlights that the Neolithic man living in china had a form of music because of the presence of musical instruments among other archeological artifacts. There are four distinct musical activities in the Chinese society. These included music for accompaniment, entertainment, ritualistic music, and music classes. Music for accompaniment accompanied dances such as lion, yingge, dragon, and chaozhou. In ancient china dynasties, people viewed music as the natural law and a moral force. Most of the time, those with musical talent strived to match their singing with the tunes produced in nature by birds and other objects. The Zhou dynasty also regarded music highly and Confucianism existing during that period had a set of songs that it taught. (5). However, the living principles of the Zhou dynasty did not support some of the music that was seemingly subversive to the moral principles that Confucianism taught. In Chinese tradition, music was one of the four foundational aspects of the society. Such regard for music compelled each feudal state to establish a set of music styles that defined its people. For the Zhou dynasty, it established a musical model for the succeeding dynasties because it had established court music. The model encompassed ritual and ceremonial music, musical education system, varying musical styles and music offices within the court. The prevailing political con ditions divided the dynasty into different competing dynasties that emphasized the role of music in the society. The Qin and Han dynasty had both court music and ritual music performed in courts. During the reign of these kingdoms, music expanded immensely. The different dynasties sought to incorporate certain musical aspects into the traditional Chinese music. This factor served to enrich the Chinese music through the integration of new musical aspects. Moreover, the prevailing Chinese music in the Han dynasty spread to the southern region of China (12). A new range of musical instruments emerged during the reign of the different kingdoms. The emerging music after integration with new musical aspects from non-indigenous sources exhibited new tonal variations. After the reunion of the Chinese society forming the Sui Dynasty, other changes emerged to define the court music system. This dynasty appreciated diversity and foreign musicians had the permission to perform and offer musical instruction. The music industry was becoming highly influential and exerting impact on the young people through the new employment openings. The most critical benchmark of music was the successful launching of the first music academy during the Sui dynasty. The role of this academy was to open up a training forum for the young to enhance
Friday, November 15, 2019
Benetton Group Advertising Campaign Media Essay
Benetton Group Advertising Campaign Media Essay Oliviero Toscanis job title was Creative Director and Photographer for the Benetton Group starting in 1982. Under the direction of Oliviero Toscani, the Benetton Group had a very questionable advertising campaign. The Benetton Group used shock advertising until Oliviero Toscanis final campaign about death row inmates. Customers and retailers alike did not approve of this particular advertising campaign. This happened in the year 2000 and caused Toscani to leave the company. The Benetton Group has since switched their advertising to more traditional methods under the direction of James Mollison (Ganesan 2, 8-10). There are certain basic objectives of advertising. When Benetton used shock advertising, it had both pros and cons. There are still certain companies that use shock advertising today, but not to sell clothing and accessories. There are many basic objectives of advertising. The main basic objective of advertising is to convince the customer to buy the product or service that the business is selling. Our textbook defines marketing objectives as, what is to be accomplished by the overall marketing program. (Belch 33). The objective of most advertisements is to solve a problem or concern for the customer. Another objective is to make sure that no one is offended by the advertising. The advertising should show the product or service in a positive light that will somehow benefit the customer. Our textbook describes public relations as it relates to a positive image as follows, generally has a broader objective than publicity, as its purpose is to establish and maintain a positive image of the company among its various publics (Belch 25). Before they hired Oliviero Toscani to be their Creative Director and Photographer, they used an outside advertising agency. It saved Benetton a lot of money to do their advertising in-house. Luciano Benetton, one of the original owners of the company, approved all of Oliviero Toscanis work (Ganesan 6). The main advertising objective for Benetton while Toscani was in charge of it was to make the public aware of controversial social and political issues (Ganesan 1). These issues were at the heart of the advertisements, while the Benetton label looked like just a footnote in the advertisement (Ganesan 6,7). Some people may not even have known they were advertising for Benetton. Viewers must interpret the message advertisers are trying to communicate to them. Our textbook discusses the clarity of the advertising message by stating, Many ads are objective, and their message is clear and straightforward. Other ads are more ambiguous, and their meaning is strongly influenced by the consumer s individual interpretation (Belch 121). Benettons shock advertising could be interpreted differently depending on each individual person. This relates to the concept of selective comprehension. Our textbook discusses selective comprehension by stating, Consumers may engage in selective comprehension, interpreting information on the basis of their own attitudes, beliefs, motives, and experiences (Belch 122). The purpose of advertising is to convince the customer to buy your product or service. Unless the product or service the company is trying to sell relates to a particular social or political issue, it should not be mentioned in the advertising. Benettons product symbolism was the social and political issues that it was trying to make the public become aware. Our textbook discusses product symbolism and states, For many products, strong symbolic features and social and psychological meaning may be more important than functional utility (Belch 61). After Toscani left the company, they focused more on traditional advertising where the product was the central focus, along with a positive look at an issue (Ganesan 13). For example, the advertising campaign after Oliviero Toscani left centered on being a volunteer [Figure (x) on page 10]. Some other issues addressed after Toscani left Benetton that werent portrayed in a controversial way included worldwide hunger, protecting human rights, poverty, and child labor (Ganesan 10,14). Social and political causes were Benettons message (Ganesan 1). Our textbook states the following regarding a companys message, The encoding process leads to development of a message that contains the information or meaning the source hopes to convey. The message may be verbal or nonverbal, oral or written, or symbolic (Belch 148). There are both pros and cons to Benettons shock advertising campaign. One of the pros of Benettons shock advertising campaign is that it attempted to educate people on the various social and political concerns happening at that time. The customers watching the advertisement may pay closer attention and start talking about the issue. It gives viewers a forum for open discussion of an issue (Ganesan 1). Shortly after Oliviero Toscani started working at Benetton, the social issues such as people of different races doing things together and getting along were the primary focus. These images portray positive ways of thinking and encourage unity among different races (Ganesan 4). For example, Figure (i) that is shown on page 4 has a multi-racial group of people smiling and hugging. In addition, Picture 4 on page 15 of the adult white hand against the childs black hand are appropriate, positive images. Although Figure (viii) on page 8 looks a little unpleasant, the message is positive and a little uplifting. Nevertheless, as more time went on, the advertising campaign headed by Oliviero Toscani started to get disturbing, especially when it was concentrated on the political issues. One of the cons of Benettons shock advertising campaign is that the images shown can offend some viewers (Ganesan 13). Children do not really need to see some of those images. The overcrowded Albanian ship shocked me (Picture 11 on page 16). It just made me realize that all those little dots shown on there were all people-individual human beings. Picture 15 on page 17 was a little shocking also because all those little dots on there are portraying real people who have AIDS. Some of the images I saw offended me and I really did not want to look at them. In particular, Picture 5 on page 15 with the white angelic-looking girl next to the black girl with her hair looking like horns. I do not see any purpose to this advertisement. This picture is the total opposite of the prior pictures that enco uraged racial unity. It looks like, that in this case, Benetton is being inconsistent with their previous advertising. The campaign glamorizing death row inmates [Figure (ix) on page 9 and Picture 13 on page 17] was the most shocking. This was the same campaign that caused Oliviero Toscanis departure from the company, for good reason. Fifteen million dollars was spent on this campaign that offended and shocked so many people. (Ganesan 2, 8-10). This advertising campaign used the death row inmates as shock value in order to sell their product. I do not understand what showing death row inmates has to do with selling clothing or accessories. Some issues do not need to be addressed, especially worldwide, through an advertising campaign. They lost retailers, particularly Sears, and were sued by the victims families. This is a direct result of their insensitive advertising campaign. This entire advertising campaign has caused bad publicity for the Benetton name (Ganesan 8-10). Our textbo ok discusses negative publicity by stating that, Publicity is not always under the control of an organization and is sometimes unfavorable. Negative stories about a company and/or its products can be very damaging (Belch 24). That is what happened in this situation with Benetton. It put their name out in the public, but in a negative light. It also tainted their reputation (Ganesan 2). I definitely do not agree with Oliviero Toscanis opinion that it is acceptable for offensive images to be in art and journalism, so therefore offensive images should be acceptable in the advertising industry. Offensive images are not acceptable in art, journalism, or advertising. One of the objectives of advertising is to try to persuade customers to buy your product or service. I do not understand how an image of a newborn baby with their umbilical cord still attached [Figure (vi), page 7] persuades the customer to buy Benetton clothes. An advertising campaign that uses shock advertising is the anti-smoking commercials. This is appropriate because they are trying to let the viewer know the consequences of smoking and inform viewers that smoking may eventually kill you. Some people do not believe that bad things will ever happen to them. Seeing a commercial like this may really shock a viewer into quitting smoking to improve their overall health. Some of these commercials are very difficult to watch without having to turn away. For example, the commercial they currently show where they cut into the brain of a person who was only in their 30s to show that they died of a stroke from smoking. Another anti-smoking commercial that sticks in my mind that really shocked me was when they showed the artery and squeezed out all the plaque that was built up from smoking. The message of this commercial was to show that smoking builds plaque up in your arteries, which will eventually kill you. Anti-smoking advertising also uses f ear appeals to try to stop people from smoking. Our textbook discusses fear appeals and states, Fear is an emotional response to a threat that expresses, or at least implies, some sort of danger. Ads sometimes use fear appeals to evoke this emotional response and arouse individuals to take steps to remove the threat (Belch 197). A commercial for something that actually has something to do with a controversial social issue is when shocking advertising would be acceptable to use. It shocks people into doing something about the problem. For example, the commercials they have on television now for the ASPCA that show animals that have been hurt or are suffering. Those commercials shock you because of the abuse the animals suffer. But, they are a charitable organization that is soliciting funds for the ASPCA to help these animals, so thats why they are acceptable. The images they show on the commercials are related to the cause they are trying to get money for. The animals have no control of how people treat them. This tugs at the heartstrings of people who love animals. The song Angel plays in the background and the singer Sarah McLachlan comes on to speak out against animal abuse and neglect and asks for donations to the ASPCA. Another shock-advertising commercial that they show frequently on television is for The Humane Society of the United States. These commercials have the same sort of message as the ASPCA. These commercials shock me and stick in my mind because I remember the image of the overfilled cage of dogs shown on them. Another scenario where shock advertising is used and is acceptable is for the Christian Childrens Fund. The commercials show children that are dirty and living in squalor in order to solicit funds for their charitable organization. They show a child living in shocking conditions and ask the viewer to sponsor a child for just a certain amount of money per day or month. The commercial states that many children have died just because they are poor and do not have enough healthy food or clean water. These commercials are usually aired late at night and the announcer says something about how the viewer should do it right now while they are just watching television and have nothing else to do. They do want the viewer to put it off until tomorrow because it will be too late then. It is appropriate to use shock advertising when a charity or non-profit organization is using it to solicit funds for their organization. I whole-heartedly agree with Benettons decision to stop their shock advertising and return to advertising that is more traditional. There is a time and place for everything, and shocking people in order to sell clothes is not it. If Benettons goal was to bring controversial issues to the attention of people, it should have been done in a separate forum. And, if Toscani insisted on shock advertising, it should only be in an adult-type setting where children do not have to see images that offend adults. An alternative could have been to set aside a minimal amount of their advertising funds into the shock advertising and the rest into traditional advertising. A company should want to put a positive image in their advertising to sell their products, not negative images that some people may think of as offensive. These shocking images are probably the images that people remember most in their mind and therefore forget what the product is that the company was trying to sell. Benettons shock advertising was negative and offensive to many people. Viewers may remember the advertising because of the shock value of it. However, we may never know how many people really remembered that those shocking images were an attempt to sell Benetton clothes. The basic objective of advertising was not met under Oliviero Toscanis direction. There is no logical reason to try to sell clothes with images that have nothing to do with clothes. There are times when shock advertising is appropriate, but selling Benetton clothing and accessories is not one of them.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Standards Based Education: The Base for Improving Schools
Since nearly twenty years, education in the United States has been strongly impacted by â€Å"standards movement†. Linked proximally to evaluation and answerability, standard-based reforms, not like most other educational systems like open education, behavioral goals, and least ability, has gained ground in an extremely severe and all-encompassing manner. Right from parents to policy-makers, there is an ardent countrywide support to use standards as the base for improving schools. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) As per Collins Cobuild dictionary, â€Å"a standard is a stage of quality or achievement, particularly a stage which is considered to be good enough. It is something used to calculate or approximate the quality or degree of something, for instance, the degree of superiority of a piece of work. †In the sphere of education, a standard is a word that describes a growing body of knowledge and set of expertise which is the foundation for quality education. They put across what every student must know and be capable to perform, however do not state pedagogy. Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) The quintessence of a â€Å"standard†is to depict a level of knowledge or performance that is necessary for some reason. For instance, there is a standard fixed by the telephone companies relating to the manner operators communicate with the customers, by the State Government to deliver driving licenses, a intensity of accuracy is necessary for building autos, and a set of unambiguous strategy for assessing gymnastics, diving, and ice skating. In an identical manner, teachers employ objectives of the students to find out what will be imparted, and as a criterion for making grades for student†s work. Each of these â€Å"standards†has two parts: an account of what will be recognized or performed, and a suggestion of quality of its performance. In education, these two magnitudes have been pointed as content standard and performance standards, and they point out to fairly diverse concepts, each having a separate set of connotation. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) Discuss the positive effects and attributes of standard-based education. In standard-based education, the syllabus and units of study are distinctly delineated, comprehended by the teachers and students and conveyed to every employee, families and the community. Standard-based education system will promote fair play, foster learning of students and strengthen answerability. (Standards-Based Education: www. thompson. k12. co. us) Establishing standards is a vital and efficient learning instrument as they state distinct prospect of what every student must have an understanding and capable of doing with the language. They can be supportive to various populations like the state, districts and school, teachers, student and parents. Establishing a national standard lets to setting aside for identical chance for every student. To start with every student is evaluated against the same standards. In the absence of a universal standard and every teacher establishing his or her independent standard, the expectation of the school on their student will be diverse. As there will be no element for comparison, instruction as well as assessment cannot be unswerving. Secondly, in the event of establishing a national standard, it is obvious what the students will be learning at various stages of their education. Examination provided by the state can assess the development of the student towards achievement of the standard. The students who are failing in achieving the standards can be given preliminary, efficient help. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Discuss the benefits for both educator and student. Standards set students to fix particular objectives with understanding of the particular prospect and norms for success. This lets to set objectives that are attainable. The evenness of a standard based procedure currently opens opportunities to individuals. Customized learning methods, learning at one†s independent speed, identification of the specific learning that requires to happen, aids in describing the manner in which and what students are required to be aware and be capable to perform to attain the age suitable standard, as observed by several remarks. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) The transition to standards-based evaluation aids in building a culture of success in which every student can attain a satisfactory standard. In case of students, standard established apparent performance prospects, aiding them to comprehend what they are required to do so as to fulfill the standards. These works lets the students to exhibit their knowledge, including the norm for evaluation. This gives students and parents with valuable data regarding the performance towards fulfilling the standards. Besides, while dealing with standards based syllabus, schools will be competent to report the growth of the student towards attaining the standards by stating the yardsticks they have attained. Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) Standards are very impartially described. This lets teachers to employ their ingenuity and expertise to find out which strategies function optimally with both individual as well as a group of students. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) Standards assist teachers devise syllabus, guidelines and evaluation on the basis of what is vital to have knowledge about. Standards gives the information required to train educators in shaping the development of students in achieving the standards, as stated in the syllabus. Teachers, the educational institution and the state are responsible for the education of the student based on the achievement of these standards. As the standards give a transparent and structured perspective for evaluation, it is thus likely to find out the degree to which the standards have been achieved. (Why have a standards-based curriculum and what are the implications for the teaching-learning-assessment process? ) How does standard-based education improve education? Standard-based education has come to be widespread political reform group as it mingles a lot of factors that concentrates on what is normally construed to be a â€Å"failing public school†. This has resulted to provide an importance on â€Å"high†standards that means improved or more challenging or â€Å"world class†standards. During 1999, the National Education Summit evaluated the standards association since 1996, deciding that the danger of deteriorating quality of education be first of all found out in A Nation at Risk in 1983 stays in 1999. The report states, the American citizen†s exhibit that it evidently comprehends that our persistent economic strength, social permanence, quality of life is dependent on our capability to radically progress our schools. The report further declares that the promises to increased standards have unambiguously come to be a central factor in a countrywide movement to enhance school performance. Of late, the research undertaken by an institute ‘Public Agenda†point out to a popular displeasure among college teachers and employers of students†fundamental skills. A second feature of standard-based improvements stresses superior performance of every student. This is a matter of fairness. Supporters of standards-based education consider that poor performing students did not have access to equal education as persistent abysmal expectations from these students have been responsible for their low performance. Therefore, it is reasoned that standard-based improvement will enhance education in case of financially deprived and minority group students by increasing the prospects. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) The rising difference in the earning levels in US will be lessened as the existing gap as regards education between low and high performing students is lowered. Standards, it is debated, â€Å"smoothens the playing field,†and will result in less sorting based for the most part on social class and ethic category which they belong. In the event students do not display achieving the standards, then in that case solution and withholding might be suitable. A third feature is the manner in which the standards are linked to rewards and encouragement. As against much of the research that has stressed the significance of child-centered, developmentally suitable procedures to education, standards-based supporters consider that rivalry and external rewards will encourage students and enhance performance. This is founded mostly on edginess with earlier â€Å"movements†aimed by educators, and the activity in other nations, together with international studies, which imply American students trailing. Fundamentally, the contention is that American schools and students require external inducements to endeavor for higher levels of performance. At present, 20 states give financial help to schools wherein students perform in a better manner on standard-based tests. Fourth, there is an increased statewide and federal evaluation and influence over schools is required. The seeming urgency is to set up a single set of standards and one wide-ranging vision in case of all students cutting across all grade levels. The thrust for national standards during the mid-1990s has resulted to an ardent involvement across the state since the stage at which standards-based educational policy is made and executed. Due to this, a lot of meetings, publications, and reports regarding standards-based improvement have been produced by organizations which are responsive to the requirements of the policy-makers of the state. (The Virginia Standards of Learning) What is the best process for developing an effective curriculum when dealing with the standard-based education. The goal of the curriculum as per the Standards is to execute certain jobs within a specific time frame. These jobs must be accomplished in a specific order. At the time a student learns a subject in this way, he/she builds on existing knowledge. It becomes simpler in case of students to go on learning, when they have a basis of knowledge. As Maurice Johnson describes in his Schema, â€Å"Structure is a fundamental feature of curriculum†(EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) I think that there is an urgency on our part to perform more to assess our curriculum. In case we are adhering to the Standards as outlined, our assessment of the results has to be more proficient. The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test  FCAT gives scanty information on the efficacy of the Standard based curriculum. To evaluate learning appropriately, it is required that we are capable of accessing what background knowledge a student is equipped and what knowledge he has amassed after the training. Iowa State University administers a program in which they supply syllabus written in accordance with the standards the school desires. The effectiveness of that particular curriculum is assessed two times in a year. Students are tested initially in the beginning of the year as also during the end of the year. This testing is done annually. This method gives a more efficient manner of estimating the quantity of learning that is being imparted. (EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) FCAT in all means cannot be a productive instrument in calculating the quantum of learning which is happening. The calculations are extended out and accidental. Prior to the establishment of the Sunshine State Standards in May 1996, the primary state curriculum guidance was the Minimum Student Performance Standards. These standards gave the source for the Statewide Student Assessment Tests. With a view to raising the academic challenge in Florida, the Sunshine State Standards were formed. They were supposed to attain over the minimum capabilities to challenging academic standards. According to Tyler, while formulating any curriculum plan of instruction one should choose what the educational objective must the school look for to achieve. Subsequently, what are the educational experiences which can be given which are expected to achieve these objectives? Thirdly, the manner in which these educational experiences be efficiently managed, and lastly how we can resolve these objectives are being achieved. The Sunshine State Standards gives an excellent catapulting point in presenting course of action for curriculum development. (EDE 6205: Elementary School Curriculum) What are and justify the positive contributions of standard based education. â€Å"Need is the mother of all inventions†. (Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) This sums up a declaration made by an observer. Standard based education is countrywide crusade because of the countrywide requirement. Of course there is present and there has been extensive apprehension over the quality of public education. Several people mentioned that they identified that it was crucial that education is standardized so that regardless of the place children received education, regardless of what socio-economic or cultural backgrounds that they possess, the scope to get knowledge which is at par and good education as everybody others. One of the member commented â€Å"School A should not be deprived compared to school B. †Correctly declared by one parent, the job force has undergone a transformation. This transformation effected by an international economy and international economic rivalry has compelled our nation into the embarrassing state of being second category. Education in our nation did not modify along with the economic modification. This has brought governmental concern with education to light. Students should be given the proficiency and knowledge to compete in the world in a better manner. Standard-based Education: schools. coventryschools. net) How does the no child left behind act is associated with the standard-based education plan. Widely recognized as the ‘No Child Left Behind†,  NCLB Act of 2001 was the collective consequences of a standards-and-testing transition that was initiated with the publication of the report A Nation at Risk by the Reagan government in 1983. The movement attained due impetus with the 1989 education summit in Charlottesville, Virginia, at which the President George H. W. Bush and the governors of the nation fixed extensive performance objective for the American Schools. The ‘America 2000†³ proposal of President Bush by the end of 1991 incorporated the voluntary national testing associated with the ‘world class†standards. This provision gives rise to termination of the Bill by the opposition exerted by Republican radicals. President Clinton accorded assent to the ‘Goals 2000†³ in 1994 that provided grants to assist states in devising academic parameters. Widespread change was visualized with the 1994 reauthorization of the Elementary and secondary education Act that indicated a nationwide commitment to the standard-based reform. The re-sanction necessitated states to generate content and performance parameters in respect of the K-12 schools. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) Congress also implemented the notion of ‘adequate yearly progress†which afterwards become the key player of liability in No Child Left Behind. However, the 1994 re-sanction started the process of devising standards and tests in most of the states. (The Politics of No Child Left Behind) The federal government anticipates more liability from state education systems and the assurance that no child will be left behind. States are to enhance the student testing, collect and disseminate subgroup consequences assuring a highly skilled teacher in every classroom and assuring that all students irrespective of their socio-economic conditions attain a proficient level of education by the 2014-2015 academic years. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001) NCLB thus reinforces the federal pressure on all states to pursue a standards-based reform agenda. This incorporates a high academic standard for all students; extra supplementation to assist the students and schools to cater to such standards; enhanced suppleness for local schools in order for them to do so; and greater liability for the consequences especially calculated by the activities of the students on standardized assessments.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Character Analysis: The Nun Of Monza
Lacuna's arrival to the convent, Gertrude appears and her life story takes up the following two chapters of the novel. Gertrude grew up at a time when a woman had two choices in life: the first was to find a spouse and have children while the other option was to become a nun. As a child, Gertrude had no desire to become a nun, but rather dreamt of the day when she could finally fall in love. Gertrude father indirectly forced his daughter into becoming a nun by giving her dolls dressed as nuns, sending her to Sunday school, and having her read the bible.The brain washed child grew up to having no choice but to move to a convent and take on the life long commitment of becoming a nun. The ceremony in which Gertrude accepts her future being a life devoted to God, she ponders her decision for a moment with conflicting thoughts rushing through her mind. She debates with herself on whether this is the life she wants or if this is the life society wants. When the church asks her if Gertrude has chosen to devote her life to God because of her own desire she causes while looking at her father.After another inner battle with her emotions, Gertrude finally vows to become a nun. Later on in Gertrude life, she goes to live in a convent located in an Italian town called â€Å"Amazon†, thus taking on the name â€Å"The Nun of Amazon†. Here she spends her days praying during the day, but living a completely different life during the night. As time goes on she falls in love and develops a forbidden relationship with a man named Goodie whom she has a child with. In her daily fife at the Covent, Gertrude always shows signs of rebellion after having found love.One example of her rebellious attitude is portrayed by a loose strand of hair falling from her veil. The strand of hair is a symbol of Gesture's hate and disgust towards the church for having made her once free life a life filled with unhappiness and restrictions. The smiling child she once was becomes an angry and troubled soul after years of feeling like a prisoner of the church.
Friday, November 8, 2019
Muriels wedding.
Muriels wedding. Question: Choose a scene from your text and show through detailed analysis how the themes and characters are represented and shaped through cinematic techniques.Start of essay....English Formative 1 Media Study TaskThe text Muriel's wedding directed by P.J Hogan shows an exciting rollercoaster ride of Muriel's life. One scene that is the most evident that Muriel is trying to change the way she lives her life and how she is trying to get over her depression is the waterloo scene. This scene is expressing how Muriel is living her life (Old Out Of Date, Boring, Haphazard, Piece Of Work) At the start of the scene Muriel is nervous and un shore of what she is doing up there. Then she gets the hang of it. Then she started to enjoy it. This is a replay of the hole text. At the start of the text she is all depressed and connately listens to ABBA ( her life is not as good as a song.The song is better then her life. She believes that she is nothing. She got kicked out of her little group. So s he decided too follow them to the islands. Where she met up with a friend from high school Ronda. Then Ronda decide to enter the contest and Muriel decided to dance to the ABBA Song. This is her high point of her life.In the Waterloo scene Rhonda Muriel appear to be trying to dance too be sexy. There performance was a crowd pleaser this is represented by all the men that we supposed to be with Tania and co. are standing up cheering on Ronda and Muriel. There cloths are tight and reveling for that age. They are trying to cause an disruption. This part of this scene makes...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Find In Requirement Example
Find In Requirement Example Find In Requirement – Article Example Commanding Heights: The Battle of the World Economy In episode three (The New Rules of the Game) of the documentary ‘Commanding Heights’, globalization emerges as the central force re-writing the new rules of the global economy. Scholars differ on the definition of the term; however, from a general perspective globalization refers to international integration or interdependence between nations around the globe via mutual trade, knowledge and cultural exchange. Globalization continues to transform the globe both on positive and negative fronts; hence, the differences in opinion between those for and against its role in transforming the global economy.Proponents are of the opinion that globalization paved way for neoliberalism, which lobbies for privatization, deregulation aimed at encouraging free trade between nations across the globe. Exponential growth in the global economy remains a positive highlight of globalization. Moreover, other sectors benefit from this phenome non such as the labor rights movement; whereby, benefits aimed at improving the lives of workers have been made. North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was the prototype opening up global trade between U.S.A, Canada and Mexico.Conversely, those against argue that the increase in global terrorism is a product of globalization. The September 11 attack on U.S.A tore at people’s confidence in globalization casting doubt on its role in influencing the global scene positively. Moreover, it is unclear whether the neoliberal ideology, a by-product of globalization further impedes the freedom of other nations by propagating cultural and economic imperialism. Developed nations, which have stronger economies, dominate the global market bulldozing their less privileged counterparts. Work CitedCommanding Heights: The Battle of the World Economy. Dir. PBS. 2002. Web.
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations Essay
Using current and historical examples discuss the interrelations existing between global capitalist dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency - Essay Example The incoming research will investigate the existence of global capitalist dynamics, international variations of work and workers agency. The research will prove that global capitalist dynamics have encouraged the transformation of the work and workers agency making it professional. There has been a pressing debate on the importance thresholds of workers, and workers agency in most organizations. Research has established that workers supply variable units of labour time while facing in every period of liquidity constraints. On the other hand, capitalists or owners of the firm do not work for the same model. However, significant amount of debate is centred on the competition part off the job. That is, who receives the job first, how he receives and when does he or she receive the job. While on one side diversity plays a crucial role in bridging the work diversity, it is clear that there are still other competitions in place. Similarly, there is a multitude of theories and research on how capitalists globalization works, who wins and how he wins and who loses as it conquers the globe and transform communities, regions and cities that countries and culture, however there is relatively little theory and research on globalization as a generic phenomenon thought about and even on occasion practiced outside its historical container of globalizing capitalism (Martin, 2010: 604). For that reason, the approach of capitalist globalization is based on the concept of transnational practices, practices that cross boundaries but do not originate with state institutions, actors, and agencies. Doogan (2009, p. 113) believes choice offers as it were the tools with which to construct a series of working hypothesis for keenly contested disagreements between globalization theorists and their opponents. Based on the above, there is a need to focus on debates on whether to what extent does capitalism prevails as a central issue
Friday, November 1, 2019
Instruction and target andience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Instruction and target andience - Essay Example e the existing instructions and borrow a few ideas from that or aim to make more improvements in order to make the new instructions effective and more likely to be understood by the target audience. If the instructions are for the children for example, they have to be written in larger font size and made very legible, the language used must be very simple to understand, the steps in the instructions very few like five at most to avoid them forgetting as well as use different colors to write the instructions in order to keep them interested. The instructions can even contain graphics in order to be remembered easily. Still targeting the children as the audience, it must be remembered that headings of the instructions are very important and should be written in bold letters as â€Å"Headings not only help chunk information into easily digestible parts but also guide readers through a page and signal the relative importance of topics (Terryberry
Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Role Of Icts For Improving Efficiency And Relevance Of Airlines Essay
Role Of Icts For Improving Efficiency And Relevance Of Airlines Services For Tourists - Essay Example In this direction it has become quite crucial for the organisation to undertake some crucial, new and innovative strategic and tactic moves. In this direction adoption of new and competent Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has become an important and effective way for the business organisations to enhance their overall capabilities in existing challenging business environment (Konig and Strauss 2000). The importance of ICTs can be sighted in different industries across the world. In this context, international airline industry has also been adopted ICTs quite significantly. The proliferation of Internet as an important channel of communication between business organisation and customers has provided some important and effective measures related with ICTs to international Airlines for enhancing quality of services provided to passengers (Sarmento 2011). In direction to this, the paper aims to ICTs relaed trends prevailing within the International Airlines Industry. The paper also elaborates different new technologies and trends related with information and communication technologies (ICT) that are quite prominently followed within airlines industry. The impact and role ICT related practices and trends in advancing customer expectations is also an important point of discussion made in the paper. On the basis of entire findings, the paper also presents some crucial recommendations for airlines industry for using ICT in the more tactical and strategic way so that efficiency and productivity of the industry can be enhanced. ICTs acceptance within airlines industry Like other business industries, the growth of internet and technological advancement of business environment has also affected trends and practices followed in airlines industry. In order to enhance efficiency of services provided to passengers and providing some intensive an d value added experience to them, airlines companies has adopted ICT as one of the most effective tools. The history of ICT acceptance by different Airlines is quite old. Since 1970s, Airlines companies have been using different variants of ICT for facilitating its customers. The availability of telephone availability within this decade has changed the trend of enquiring about availability, reservation and confirmation (Sarmento 2011). In regard to this, first of all American Airlines introduced SABRE Computer Reservation System (CRS) in the year 1962, for the purpose of providing fast and effective facilities regarding reservations and bookings. Afterwards, the system was started to be used for inventory control function within the organisation. This system allowed the company to schedule its crew effectively, track spare parts requirements, and have effective decision support systems for management (Knowles and Garland 1994). The revolution regarding ICTs in Airline industry can b e spotted from mid 1990s. The development of internet and intranet facilities within the market place has allowed the airline industry to have some effective strategies on technological innovations in their ICTs infrastructure. In this regard, British Airways has spent ?1.1 billion on its ICT infrastructure for the purpose of making its distribution channels more effective and responsive. Increasing competitive pressure has imposed business organisations to have enhanced the level of interaction with customers so that their trust and loyalty can be won (Noakes and Coulter 2002). In this concern, effective communication and information technologies used by the company has been considered as effective gateways. In addition to this,
Monday, October 28, 2019
Macroeconomics Of Japan Essay Example for Free
Macroeconomics Of Japan Essay Japan is the greatest economy in Asia, in terms of GDP, as well as human resources and technology. The nation was once predicted to be the next superpower nation exceeding the United Sates and countries of the European Union. Today, it is the world’s third-largest economy after the United States and People’s Republic of China. It is also the second-largest economy by real GDP and market exchange rates. The economy is highly efficient and competitive especially in the services industry, which is originated from a good cooperation between the government and the industry, a strong work ethic and the mastery of high technology. Recent analysis however, revealed that the economy is currently under serious problems. Observers and even Japan’s own officials have admitted that the economy is no longer ‘first class’. There are even worries that Japan has no longer sustain the capacity to be one of the world’s greatest economies anymore, and the economy will slowly degrade into one of the typical Asian economies. Analysts stated that such an occurrence has happened before, when Argentina which were once considered one of the strongest economies in the world degraded into typical third world economies today. Is this the case with Japan? In this paper I am discussing the problems that stayed within Japan’s economy and elaborating their probable causes. Afterwards, I will elaborate the macroeconomic policies which have been performed by the Japanese government in response to these issues and how these policies have affected the economy. The period of discussion is 1997 -2007, which are the years after the ‘Japan economic bubble’ bursts, to the present day. II. Japan Economic Issues 1997-2007 II. 1. Background of the Issues – Japan Economic Bubble Japanese growth rates have been nothing less than spectacular for decades. In the 60’s the average real economic growth rate was 10%, in the 70’s it was 5% and in the 80’s it was 4%. Japanese financial system however, was based on a bureaucratic fiat. The government believes that by injecting sufficient amount of capital into the market, the economy will experience a rapid rate of growth. Thus, the financial system was set to inject cheap capital into the business sector (Hamada, 2004). In support of this policy, banks even reluctant to report –in bad loans. In short, companies were encouraged to borrow and expand continuously. Companies would then borrow using assets like land and then invest the money into the stock market. After the market rises, the company would have latent profits which will be used to buy more land and therefore, the cycle continues. These cycles were the origins of the huge real estate and stock market bubbles. These bubbles however, cannot be sustained forever, and when the Bank of Japan (BOJ) raised interests rates, the bubble bursts in 1989 and leaving commercial banks in Japan with a mountain of bad loans. II. 2. Stagnant Economic Growth Afterwards, assets prices began to decline rapidly. Japan’s economy was going through a long period of deflation since then, partly caused by the appreciation of yen. Because of this appreciation, the CPI increase rate dropped into negative in 1995. The expanding deflation caused Japan’s economy to remain in a static condition. Moreover, the deepening deflation was accompanied with weakening state of real economy like growth rates declines and increased unemployment rates. Between 1992 and 1994, real growth rates are below 1%. It even dropped toward a negative range in 1998. Jobless rate have also suffered a rise of 3. 4 % from 2 % in 1990 to 5. 4% in 2003. The economic downsizing in 1997 put Japanese economy into a new state of deflation (Oliver, 2002). II. 3. Deflationary Trap It was not considered serious until the inflation rate slipped to below zero in 1997. In this phase, observers believed that Japan was in a ‘deflationary trap’. However, because of various long-term considerations, the government has implemented policies to maintain inflation stable near the zero mark. In this situation however, the central bank cannot use its traditional instruments to deal with the issue. As a result, deflation deepens even further and the market intensified expectations toward further and longer period of deflation. Due to the increase in real rate of interest, consumer spending and corporate investments were discouraged. Unfortunately, the shrinking total demand in the macro economy further worsen the deflation. If not dealt with accordingly, this could lead into self-sustaining deflationary process (Campbell, 1992).
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